Question 1
(a). Arrange the data of 20 student’s result
Student number | Results |
1 | 42 |
2 | 53 |
3 | 54 |
4 | 61 |
5 | 61 |
6 | 61 |
7 | 62 |
8 | 63 |
9 | 64 |
10 | 66 |
11 | 67 |
12 | 67 |
13 | 68 |
14 | 69 |
15 | 71 |
16 | 71 |
17 | 76 |
18 | 78 |
19 | 81 |
20 | 83 |
1318 |
- Compute Mean, Median and Mode
Formula of calculating Mean:
Σ xi=1318; n=20
131820= 65.9
Formula of calculating Median
Median = N/2 +1 = (20/2)+1 = 10+1 =11th Item = 67
- Compute 1st and 3rd Quartile
1st Quartile = 14 N+1 = 20+1/4 = 5th Item = 61
3rd Quartile =34N+1=3420+1=634=15 th item=71
- Compute and Intercept 90th Percentile
Formula = 90% of N = 0.90*20 = 18th Item = 78
(b) Inferential Statistics:
Inferential statistics is the process of obtaining data from the sample available, in order to make estimates and there after applying appropriate test, i.e. z-score, t-test, in order to test Hypothesis regarding the population characteristics.
Question 2
(i) Prepare Joint Probability Table
Applied for More than 1 University | |||||
Age Group | Yes | No | |||
23 and Under | 207 | 207/808*100=25.62% | 201 | 201/1210*100=16.61% | |
24-26 | 299 | 299/808*100=37.0% | 379 | 379/1210*100=31.32% | |
27-30 | 185 | 185/808*100 = 22.90% | 268 | 268/1210*100=22.15% | |
31-35 | 66 | 66/808*100=8.17% | 193 | 193/1210*100= 15.95% | |
36 and over | 51 | 51/808*100=6.31% | 169 | 169/1210*100= 13.97% | |
Total / Joint Probability(%) | 808 | 100% | 1210 | 100% |
(ii) Given that a student applied to more than 1 university, what is the probability that the student is 24-26 years old.
Probability of student is 24-26 years old = 299/808 =37.00%
- Is the number of universities applied to independent of student age?Explain
Yes, The case described in the question student age is an independent factor . this indicates that at any age student can enrol in one university and more than one university. Enrolment in one university or more than one is depending variable.
(b)
x | f(x) |
10 | 0.05 |
20 | 0.1 |
30 | 0.1 |
40 | 0.2 |
50 | 0.35 |
60 | 0.2 |
Total |
X represent number of new clients for counselling cases in the year 2021.
Formula of calculating Expected value = 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝜇 = ∑𝑥 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥)
x | f(x) | (𝑥 − 𝜇) 2 | (𝑥 − 𝜇) 2*f(x) | |
10 | 0.05 | -33 | 1089 | 54.45 |
20 | 0.1 | -23 | 529 | 52.9 |
30 | 0.1 | -13 | 169 | 16.9 |
40 | 0.2 | -3 | 9 | 1.8 |
50 | 0.35 | 7 | 49 | 17.15 |
60 | 0.2 | 17 | 289 | 57.8 |
Total | 201 |
Expected Value= (10*0.05+20*0.1+30*0.1+40*0.2+50*0.35+60*0.2) =43
Formula of Variance of a discrete random variable 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑥) = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇) 2 𝑓(𝑥)
Variance = 201 (calculation shows in table)
Question 3
- Formulate Hypothesis :
Problem statement: Population annual expenditure on prescription drugs per person is lower in the Midwest than the Northeast.
The above problem can be tested on one tail test from left tail as it requires testing of lower limit.
Hypothesis Statement:
Ho: µ ≤ $838 or
Ho: µ = $838
Ha: µ > $838
One tail test
- Suitable test Statistics
One (Left) tail test
Formula:
- Calculate value of relevant test statistics and P- value
Sample Mean (x) = $745
Null Hypothesis Mean = $838
SD = 300
Sample size = 60
Applying Formula (745-838)/300/sqrt(n)
Z= -93/38.75 = -2.40
From the table given of Z score , at significance level of 0.05 ,
P value = 0.0071
- Based on the p value in part (III), at 99% confidence level, decide the decision criteria.
At 1% significance level the critical value is 2.326, the Z score is -2.4 which is lower than the critical value , so the null hypothesis shall be rejected and Alternative hypothesis shall be accepted.
- Make the conclusion Based on the analysis.
The calculations above has indicated that the bull hypothesis is rejected as the expenditure of prescription drugs per person is not lowest in Midwest than Northeast. Midwest has higher consumption of drugs as comparison of Northeast.
Question 4
- State the null and alternative hypothesis for single factor ANOVA to test for any significant difference in the mean price of gasoline for the three brands.
Hypothesis
H0 = µ1= µ2= µ3
H1 = µ1≠µ2≠ µ3
(ii) State the decision rule at 5% significance level.
Reject the H0 id t stat > Z critical value, Other wise accept the null hypothesis
(iii) Calculate the test statistics
A | B | C | |
3.77 | 3.83 | 3.78 | |
3.72 | 3.83 | 3.87 | |
3.87 | 3.85 | 3.89 | |
3.76 | 3.77 | 3.79 | |
3.83 | 3.84 | 3.87 | |
3.85 | 3.84 | 3.87 | |
3.93 | 4.04 | 3.99 | |
3.79 | 3.78 | 3.79 | |
3.78 | 3.84 | 3.79 | |
3.81 | 3.84 | 3.86 | |
Sample Mean | 3.811 | 3.846 | 3.85 |
Varience | 0.003349 | 0.004844 | 0.00382 |
ANOVA one- way test Formula
Formula F= MSTR / MSE
MSTR = 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑅 / 𝑘 – 1
MSE = SSE /𝑛r – k
𝑥Ӗ= (3.81 + 3.84 + 3.85)/3 = 3.83
SSTR= 10(3.81- 3.83)2 + 10(3.84-3.83)2 + 10(3.85-3.83)2 = 0.009
MSTR = 0.009/ (3-1) = 0.0045
P-value and critical value approaches
Value of test statistic
SSE = 9(0.003) +9(0.005) + 9(0.004) =0.108
MSE = 0.108/(30-3) = 0.004
F= 0.0045/0.004 =1.125
ANOVA Table
Source of variation | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | P- value |
Treatment | 0.009 | 2 | 0.0045 | 1.125 | 0.044 |
Error | 0.108 | 27 | 0.004 | ||
Total | 0.117 | 29 | 0.0085 |
P- value calculation
Here Numerator df = 2; Denominator Df = 27 then the value of F at 0.01 = 5.49
Decision on the basis of test
The p-value < .05, So null hypothesis shall be rejected
Decision as per critical value approach
Based on an F distribution with 2 numerator d.f. and 27 denominator d.f., F.05 = 3.35.
Reject H0 if F > 3.35
Here F =1.125 > 3.35 which is evidence for rejection of null hypothesis.
(d) Based on the calculated test statistics decide whether any significant difference in the mean price of gasoline for three bands.
Yes the calculation indicates that null hypothesis is rejected which means there is significance difference in the mean prices of gasoline for all the three bands.
Question 5
- Complete the missing entries from A to H in this output
A= R Square = SSR/SST = 35250755.68/ 42699148.82 = 0.82
B= Observation = 50 (provided in question)
C= residual = Total- Regression = 49-2 = 47
D= 42699148.82-7448393.14 = 35250755.68
E= SSRegression / dfreg. = 35250755.68/2 = 17625377.8
F= SSR /(50-3) = 7448393.148/47 = 158476.45
G= 17625377.8/158476.45 = 111.217647
H= Coefficient of income /Standard error of income = 8.36
- Estimate the annual credit card charges for a three-person household with an annual income of $40,000
To estimate charges of credit card , intercept, household value and size has been considered from the ANOVA table.
The calculation indicates the annual credit card charges will be $3700 for three person household.
- Did the estimated regression equation provide a good fit to the data? Explain
No, The regression equation did not6 provide a good fit to data, as there is high variability between data of x- values and y- values.
Question 6
- Using linear trend equation forecast the sales of face masks for October 2020
Month | Sales ($) |
1 | 17000 |
2 | 18000 |
3 | 19500 |
4 | 22000 |
5 | 21000 |
6 | 23000 |
Linear Trend Equation = Y= Mx+B
M= Y2-Y1X1-X2 = 23000-21000/6-5 = 2000/1 = 2000
Y = Mx+B
Y= ?
X=1
B= 23000
Y = 2000*1+23000
Y = 2000+23000= 25000
- Sales forecast will be
Sales | Weight | Weighted Sale | |
July | 22,000 | 0.2 | 4400 |
August | 21,000 | 0.3 | 6300 |
September | 23,000 | 0.5 | 11500 |
Total | 22200 |
- So, the expected sale for the next month will be $22200